* These countries had democratic, multiparty elections prior to 1990.
Information for this table is extrapolated from two sources. M. Bratton and N. van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997 pp 116-122; Peter Schraeder, African Politics and Society: A Mosaic in Transformation (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2000, pp 278-279)