Activity Five: Expand
Democracy and Africa's Second Liberation

Table Two: Transitions to Democracy, 1990-2001

DEMOCRATIC
PARTIALLY DEMOCRATIC
UNDEMOCRATIC
Benin
Botswana*
Cape Verde
Gambia*
Ghana
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius*
Namibia
Nigeria
Sao Tome
Senegal
Seychelles
South Africa
Tunisia
Zambia		 Chad
Comoros
Congo (Brazzaville)
Cote d'Ivoire
Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Lesotho
Madagascar
Morocco
Mozambique
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zimbabwe		 Algeria
Angola
Burundi
Cameroon
Congo (Democratic Republic)
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea
Libya
Mauritania
Niger
Somalia
Sudan
Togo
* These countries had democratic, multiparty elections prior to 1990.
Information for this table is extrapolated from two sources. M. Bratton and N. van de Walle,
Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997 pp 116-122; Peter Schraeder, African Politics and Society: A Mosaic in Transformation (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 2000, pp 278-279)